TRANSFORMATION OF THE PRISON EXPERIENCE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 19TH CENTURY. ON THE EXAMPLE OF KHERSON GOVERNANCE
Abstract
This study analyzes changes in prison legislation and practice in the Russian Empire in the 1820s. Changes that have taken place at the legislative level have reflected the acceptance of the view of deprivation of liberty as a measure of correction. The correct organization of prison life, proposed by the Committee on Prisons, established by the emperor in 1819, was supposed to lead prisoners to repentance and correction.
During this period, the state assumed all the costs of maintaining prisoners, began the active construction of new prisons, and contributed to charitable societies that cared about the situation of prisoners. However, along with this philanthropic vision of the development of the penitentiary system in the period under study, a utilitarian one also appears. The second direction was embodied in the creation of prisoner companies, including in the cities of southern Ukraine.
To better understand the pace of change and the impact of the new laws, we analyzed a series of reports that governors and mayors sent in 1830 to the Odessa Board of Trustees, established in 1828 by Governor-General Mikhail Vorontsov. We have seen that, despite the construction of new prisons in the region, the internal life and routine in them have not changed much. The greatest success was achieved in the division of prisoners by type of crime, as well as the separation of women from men. In those cases when members of the Odessa Committee advised to take care of better material conditions of detention, this often met with misunderstanding and unwillingness on the part of the local administration. Another problem without which it was impossible to succeed in transforming the prison experience of criminals is the lack of money for the improvement of prisons. Thus, the high cost of the philanthropic project of reforming the prison business led to the emergence and spread, first in the South of Ukraine, and then throughout the state, of civilian prison companies
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